The Importance of the Macula
The macula is located at the center of the retina and is responsible for high-definition central vision, color perception, and detail detection.
Its characteristic yellowish color is due to pigments such as lutein and zeaxanthin, which contribute to filtering blue light and providing antioxidant protection.
Lutein & Zeaxanthin
The Key Macular Pigments
Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids that accumulate in the macula.
They are important because they:
- filter blue light
- offer antioxidant action
- are not synthesized endogenously by the body
- must be obtained through diet or supplemental support
The Scientific Basis: AREDS & AREDS2
AREDS Study
The first AREDS study evaluated the co-administration of antioxidant vitamins, zinc, and copper.
The main results showed:
- 25% reduction in the risk of developing advanced AMD over 5 years of follow-up
- 19% reduction in the risk of central vision loss over 5 years of follow-up
AREDS2 Study
AREDS2 evolved the original formula by adding lutein and zeaxanthin and removing beta-carotene, due to its association with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers.
The results showed that:
- the combination of lutein and zeaxanthin is a safe replacement for beta-carotene
- the formula is effective in reducing the risk of developing advanced AMD
- the addition of omega-3 fatty acids did not provide additional benefit regarding the development of advanced AMD
AREDS2 — 10-Year Follow-up
In the 10-year follow-up data, lutein and zeaxanthin:
- safely replaced beta-carotene
- were not associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers
- maintained high protective action at 5 and 10 years
- their protective effect appeared to be stronger than that of beta-carotene at 10 years
